✦ DR. A.P.J. AKTU B.Pharm 2019-20 — Premium Study Notes, Diagrams & Resources ✦

✦ AKTU B.Pharm 2019-20 Syllabus

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Complete B.Pharm notes for all 8 semesters — structured unit-wise with diagrams, mnemonics, flowcharts, molecular structures and PDF downloads. Built on PCI Guidelines, AKTU Lucknow.

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AKTU B.Pharm 2019-20

Complete Syllabus

BP101THuman Anatomy & Physiology I

Unit I: Cell structure, transport, division, tissue classification
Unit II: Integumentary system, skeletal system, muscle physiology
Unit III: Blood composition, hemopoiesis, coagulation, lymphatic system
Unit IV: Peripheral & autonomic nervous system, special senses
Unit V: Cardiovascular system, ECG, cardiac cycle, blood pressure

45 HrsSem 1

BP102TPharmaceutical Analysis I

Unit I: Techniques of analysis, standards, errors, Pharmacopoeia
Unit II: Acid-base titration, non-aqueous titration (Ephedrine HCl)
Unit III: Precipitation, complexometric, gravimetry, diazotization
Unit IV: Redox titrations — Cerimetry, Iodimetry, Iodometry
Unit V: Conductometry, Potentiometry, Polarography

45 HrsSem 1

BP103TPharmaceutics I

Unit I: History of pharmacy, Pharmacopoeias, dosage forms, posology
Unit II: Pharmaceutical calculations, powders, liquid dosage forms
Unit III: Monophasic & biphasic liquids, suspensions, emulsions
Unit IV: Suppositories, displacement value, incompatibilities
Unit V: Semisolid dosage forms — ointments, creams, gels

45 HrsSem 1

BP104TPharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry

Unit I: Impurities, limit tests — Cl, SO4, Fe, As, Pb, Heavy metals
Unit II: Acids, bases, buffers, electrolytes, dental products
Unit III: GI agents — antacids, cathartics, antimicrobials
Unit IV: Expectorants, emetics, hematinics, antidotes, astringents
Unit V: Radiopharmaceuticals — α, β, γ radiation, I-131

45 HrsSem 1

BP201THuman Anatomy & Physiology II

Unit I: CNS — brain, spinal cord, neurotransmitters, action potential
Unit II: Digestive system, GIT anatomy, energetics (ATP, BMR)
Unit III: Respiratory & urinary system, nephrons, urine formation
Unit IV: Endocrine system — pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas
Unit V: Reproductive system, genetics, DNA, protein synthesis

45 HrsSem 2

BP202TPharmaceutical Organic Chemistry I

Unit I: Classification, IUPAC nomenclature, structural isomerism
Unit II: Alkanes, alkenes, conjugated dienes, Markownikoff/Anti-M
Unit III: Alkyl halides SN1/SN2, alcohols — ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol
Unit IV: Carbonyl compounds — aldol, Cannizzaro, Benzoin, Perkin
Unit V: Carboxylic acids, acetic/citric/salicylic acid, amines

45 HrsSem 2

BP203TBiochemistry

Unit I: Biomolecules — carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, ATP
Unit II: Carbohydrate metabolism — glycolysis, TCA, ETC, diabetes
Unit III: Lipid metabolism, cholesterol, amino acid catabolism, urea cycle
Unit IV: Nucleic acids, DNA replication, transcription, protein synthesis
Unit V: Enzyme kinetics — Michaelis-Menten, inhibitors, coenzymes

45 HrsSem 2

BP204TPathophysiology

Unit I: Cell injury, adaptation, inflammation, atherosclerosis
Unit II: CVS — hypertension, MI; Respiratory — asthma, COPD; Renal failure
Unit III: Anemia, diabetes, epilepsy, Parkinson, schizophrenia
Unit IV: IBD, jaundice, hepatitis A-F, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer
Unit V: Meningitis, TB, AIDS, STDs

45 HrsSem 2

BP301TPharmaceutical Organic Chemistry II

Unit I: Benzene — structure, aromaticity, Huckel's rule, EAS reactions
Unit II: Phenols, aromatic amines, diazonium salts, aromatic acids
Unit III: Fats and oils — hydrolysis, saponification, analytical constants
Unit IV: Carbohydrates — glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, cellulose
Unit V: Amino acids, proteins, heterocyclic compounds

45 HrsSem 3

BP302TPhysical Pharmaceutics I

Unit I: States of matter, thermodynamics of solutions
Unit II: Surface & interfacial phenomena, adsorption, surfactants
Unit III: Viscosity, rheology — Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow
Unit IV: Disperse systems — colloids, suspensions, emulsions
Unit V: Complexation, protein binding, solubility enhancement

45 HrsSem 3

BP303TPharmaceutical Microbiology

Unit I: Microbial morphology, classification, staining techniques
Unit II: Culture media, sterilization methods, LAF, validation
Unit III: Immunity — innate, acquired; vaccines, immunoglobulins
Unit IV: Microbial limits, sterility testing, pyrogen testing
Unit V: Microbial assay of antibiotics and vitamins

45 HrsSem 3

BP304TPharmaceutical Engineering

Unit I: Flow of fluids, Reynold's number, Bernoulli's theorem
Unit II: Size reduction — ball mill, fluid energy mill, hammer mill
Unit III: Filtration — sand, sintered, membrane; centrifugation
Unit IV: Heat transfer, evaporation — single/multiple effect evaporators
Unit V: Drying — tray, spray, freeze dryer, fluidized bed dryer

45 HrsSem 3

BP401TPharmaceutical Organic Chemistry III

Unit I: Stereochemistry — chirality, R/S configuration, optical activity
Unit II: Organosulfur compounds, sulfonamides
Unit III: Organophosphorus compounds, pesticides
Unit IV: Heterocyclic — furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyridine, indole
Unit V: Alkaloids — morphine, quinine, atropine, caffeine

45 HrsSem 4

BP402TMedicinal Chemistry I

Unit I: Drug design concepts — SAR, bioisosterism, prodrug
Unit II: Sedatives, hypnotics — barbiturates, benzodiazepines
Unit III: Analgesics — NSAIDs, opioids, local anesthetics
Unit IV: ANS drugs — adrenergic, cholinergic agents
Unit V: Antiepileptics, antiparkinsonian, antipsychotics

45 HrsSem 4

BP404TPharmacology I

Unit I: General pharmacology — routes, pharmacokinetics, receptor theory
Unit II: ANS pharmacology — sympathomimetics, parasympatholytics
Unit III: CVS drugs — antihypertensives, antianginals, antiarrhythmics
Unit IV: Autacoids — histamine, 5-HT, prostaglandins, NSAIDs
Unit V: Respiratory drugs — bronchodilators, antitussives, expectorants

45 HrsSem 4

BP405TPharmacognosy I

Unit I: Introduction, cultivation, collection, processing of crude drugs
Unit II: Classification — alphabetical, taxonomical, pharmacological
Unit III: Carbohydrates & lipid-containing drugs
Unit IV: Volatile oils — peppermint, eucalyptus, clove, turpentine
Unit V: Resins & resins combinations — colophony, podophyllum

45 HrsSem 4

BP501TMedicinal Chemistry II

Unit I: Antibacterials — sulfonamides, quinolones, fluoroquinolones
Unit II: Antibiotics — penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides
Unit III: Antifungals, antivirals, antimalarials — chloroquine, quinine
Unit IV: Antitubercular — INH, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide
Unit V: Anticancer drugs — alkylating, antimetabolites, plant alkaloids

45 HrsSem 5

BP502TIndustrial Pharmacy I

Unit I: Tablets — types, excipients, direct compression, granulation
Unit II: Tablet coating — sugar, film, enteric coating; evaluation
Unit III: Capsules — hard & soft gelatin, filling, evaluation
Unit IV: Parenterals — LVP/SVP, formulation, sterilization, filling
Unit V: Ophthalmic, nasal, otic preparations

45 HrsSem 5

BP503TPharmacology II

Unit I: CNS pharmacology — general anesthetics, sedatives, hypnotics
Unit II: Antiepileptics, antiparkinsonian drugs, CNS stimulants
Unit III: Opioid analgesics, antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxiety
Unit IV: GIT drugs — antiulcer, antiemetic, laxatives, antidiarrheal
Unit V: Hormones — insulin, oral hypoglycemics, thyroid, corticosteroids

45 HrsSem 5

BP504TPharmacognosy & Phytochemistry II

Unit I: Alkaloids — classification, biosynthesis, extraction methods
Unit II: Glycosides — cardiac, anthraquinone, saponin, cyanophoric
Unit III: Tannins, lignans, bitter principles, marine drugs
Unit IV: Plant growth regulators, phytoconstituents in cosmetics
Unit V: Biotransformation, tissue culture, plant biopesticides

45 HrsSem 5

BP505TPharmaceutical Jurisprudence

Unit I: Drugs & Cosmetics Act 1940 — schedules, licensing
Unit II: Pharmacy Act 1948, Pharmacy Council of India
Unit III: DPCO, Narcotic & Psychotropic Substances Act
Unit IV: Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, CDSCO, WHO-GMP
Unit V: Patent Act, Ethics in pharmacy, code of conduct

45 HrsSem 5

BP601TMedicinal Chemistry III

Unit I: Diuretics — thiazides, loop, potassium-sparing, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Unit II: Antihypertensives — ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers
Unit III: Antihyperlipidemics — statins, fibrates, bile acid sequestrants
Unit IV: Anticoagulants, antifibrinolytics, antiplatelet agents
Unit V: Vitamins, antioxidants — ascorbic acid, tocopherols, retinoids

45 HrsSem 6

BP604TBiopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics

Unit I: Biopharmaceutics — absorption, ADME, BCS classification
Unit II: Pharmacokinetics — one/two compartment models, Vd, CL
Unit III: First-pass effect, bioavailability, bioequivalence
Unit IV: Non-linear kinetics, enzyme induction/inhibition
Unit V: Clinical PK — TDM, dosage regimen design, protein binding

45 HrsSem 6

BP606TQuality Assurance

Unit I: GMP concepts, WHO/ICH guidelines, cGMP
Unit II: GLP, GCP, validation — process, cleaning, analytical
Unit III: Quality management — TQM, ISO 9000, SOPs
Unit IV: Regulatory submissions — ANDA, NDA, CTD format
Unit V: Stability testing — ICH Q1A zones, accelerated studies

45 HrsSem 6

BP701TInstrumental Methods of Analysis

Unit I: UV-Visible spectroscopy — Beer-Lambert law, chromophores
Unit II: IR spectroscopy — functional group identification
Unit III: NMR — chemical shift, coupling constant, 1H and 13C NMR
Unit IV: Mass spectrometry — M+, fragmentation patterns
Unit V: Chromatography — HPLC, GC, TLC, ion exchange

45 HrsSem 7

BP702TIndustrial Pharmacy II

Unit I: Pilot plant scale-up — tablets, liquids, semisolids, parenterals
Unit II: Technology transfer, technology development
Unit III: Formulation challenges — poorly soluble drugs, SEDDS
Unit IV: Regulatory dossiers, IND, NDA submission process
Unit V: Controlled release systems — matrix, reservoir, osmotic pump

45 HrsSem 7

BP703TPharmacy Practice

Unit I: Hospital pharmacy — organization, formulary, drug procurement
Unit II: Clinical pharmacy — patient counseling, DUR, ADR monitoring
Unit III: Therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacovigilance
Unit IV: Community pharmacy — OTC counseling, compounding
Unit V: Poison information, drug interactions, geriatric pharmacy

45 HrsSem 7

BP704TNovel Drug Delivery Systems

Unit I: NDDS rationale — controlled, sustained, targeted delivery
Unit II: Transdermal drug delivery — patches, permeation enhancers
Unit III: Liposomes, niosomes, microspheres, nanoparticles
Unit IV: Mucoadhesive, ocular, pulmonary drug delivery
Unit V: Targeted delivery — antibody conjugates, solid lipid NPs

45 HrsSem 7

BP801TBiostatistics & Research Methodology

Unit I: Data types, frequency distribution, measures of central tendency
Unit II: Parametric tests — t-test, ANOVA, z-test
Unit III: Non-parametric tests — chi-square, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis
Unit IV: Correlation, regression, clinical trial design phases
Unit V: Research methodology — literature review, ethics, protocol writing

45 HrsSem 8

BP802TSocial & Preventive Pharmacy

Unit I: Health education, nutrition, epidemiology basics
Unit II: National health programs — RNTCP, NACP, NHM
Unit III: Essential medicines, rational drug use, pharmacoeconomics
Unit IV: Vaccines schedule, immunization programs, cold chain
Unit V: Patient compliance, medication errors, medication review

45 HrsSem 8

Visual Learning

Diagrams, Mnemonics & Flowcharts

Glycolysis — Step-by-Step Flowchart

Glycolysis — 10 steps, cytoplasm, net 2 ATP

Key Points

Energy investment phase: uses 2 ATP (steps 1 & 3)
Energy payoff phase: produces 4 ATP + 2 NADH
Irreversible steps: Hexokinase, PFK-1, Pyruvate kinase
Regulated by: PFK-1 (inhibited by ATP, citrate; activated by AMP)

Pharmacology Mnemonics

ADME

Absorption — Drug enters systemic circulation
Distribution — Drug spreads to tissues (Vd)
Metabolism — Biotransformation (liver CYP450)
Excretion — Elimination via kidney, bile

FLAT PEG

Furosemide — Loop diuretic
Lasix — Brand name furosemide
Acetazolamide — CA inhibitor diuretic
Thiazides — HCTZ, chlorothiazide
Potassium-sparing — spironolactone, amiloride
Ethacrynate — Another loop diuretic
Glomerular filtrate — all act on nephron

RIPE

Rifampicin — Inhibits RNA polymerase
Isoniazid (INH) — Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
Pyrazinamide — Disrupts membrane potential
Ethambutol — Inhibits arabinosyl transferase

TCA Cycle — Krebs Cycle Diagram

TCA Cycle — Mitochondrial matrix. Per turn: 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP, 2 CO2

Key Molecular Structures

Key drug structures from Medicinal Chemistry I & II

Blood Coagulation Cascade

Drug Targets

Warfarin — inhibits Vitamin K (factors II, VII, IX, X)
Heparin — activates antithrombin III → inactivates Xa & IIa
Aspirin — inhibits TXA2 (antiplatelet)

Michaelis-Menten Kinetics

V = Vmax [S] / (Km + [S])

Km = [S] at half-maximal velocity (affinity measure)
Low Km = High affinity for substrate
Vmax = Maximum velocity (proportional to enzyme)
Lineweaver-Burk = 1/V vs 1/[S] for inhibitor type

Beta-Lactam Antibiotics — Structure & SAR

SAR of Penicillins

β-lactam ring: Essential for activity
R group at 6-APA: Determines spectrum
Bulky R group (cloxacillin): Resistant to β-lactamase
Aminobenzyl R (ampicillin): Broad-spectrum

Pharmacokinetics Mnemonics

BCS Classes

Class I: High solubility, High permeability (Metoprolol)
Class II: Low solubility, High permeability (Griseofulvin)
Class III: High solubility, Low permeability (Atenolol)
Class IV: Low solubility, Low permeability (Furosemide)

KEY PK FORMULAE

Vd = Dose / Cp0 (volume of distribution)
CL = Ke x Vd (total body clearance)
t½ = 0.693 / Ke (half-life)
F = (AUCoral/AUCiv) x 100 (bioavailability)
Css = F x Dose / (CL x τ) (steady state)

CYP Inhibitors

SICKFACES mnemonic for CYP3A4 inhibitors:
Sodium valproate, Isoniazid, Cimetidine, Ketoconazole
Fluconazole, Amiodarone, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin
Sertraline (SSRIs), Grapefruit juice

Standard References

Recommended Books

Textbook of Medical Physiology

Guyton & Hall — HAP I & II

Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry

Murray & Granner — Biochemistry

Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms & Drug Delivery

Ansel et al. — Pharmaceutics I & II

Vogel's Quantitative Chemical Analysis

Mendham et al. — Pharmaceutical Analysis

Goodman & Gilman's Pharmacology

Laurence Brunton — Pharmacology I-III

Theory & Practice of Industrial Pharmacy

Lachman & Lieberman — Industrial Pharmacy

Organic Chemistry

Morrison, Boyd & Bhattacharjee — Org Chem I-III

Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry

C.K. Kokate, A.P. Purohit, S.B. Gokhale

Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease

Vinay Kumar et al. — Pathophysiology

Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics

D.M. Brahmankar & Sunil Jaiswal

Remington: Science & Practice of Pharmacy

Alfonso Gennaro — All subjects

Pharmacopoeia of India (IP)

Ministry of Health — Official Standards

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Complete Syllabus

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